مُرَكَّبٌ جَارِّيٌّ
A مُرَكَّبٌ جَارِّيٌّ (also referred to as جارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ) is a phrase in which a حَرْفُ precedes an اِسْمٌ, causing that اِسْمٌ to enter the state of جَرٍّ.
The حَرْفُ that precedes an اِسْمٌ and causes the state to change to جَرٍّ is called a حَرْفٌ جَرٌّ.
Lets walk through an example:
بِ + الْقَلَمُ = بِالْقَلَمِ
ِIn this phrase when the بِ (the حَرْفٌ جَرٌّ) preceded الْقَلَمُ (the إِسْمٌ) it gave it a كَسْرَةٌ (ـِ) sign بِالْقَلَمِ indicating theجَرٌّ state. The إِسْمٌ is now known as the إِسْمٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ.
Therefore for بِالْقَلَمِ:
- بِ is حَرْفٌ جَرٌّ
- الْقَلَمِ is إِسْمٌ مَجْرُوْرٌ
Rule: Nothing must come between theحَرْفٌ جَرٍّ and the إِسْمٌ. i.e. the حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ is immediately followed by the إِسْمٌ.
The حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ are all عَامِلٌ (i.e. governing words) because they governs/cause إِعْرَابٌ change in the word after it. There are 17 حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ of which 11 are mentioned in the Quran:
| حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| بِ | with | بِالْمُئْمِنِيْنَ with the believers |
| تَ | by (Swear by Allah only) | قَالُوا تَاللهِ The said “By Allah!” |
| كَ | like (comparison) | كَعَصْفٍ مَأْكُولٍ Like eaten straw |
| لِ | for have | الْحَمْدُ لِلهِ All praise is for Allah |
| وَ | by (Oath) | وَالْعَصْرِ By time |
| مِنْ | from because of | مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ From amongst yourselves |
| فِي | in about regarding | فِيْ القِصاصِ حَياةٌ In just retribution there is life |
| عَنْ | about away from regarding | يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَنْفَالِ they ask you regarding the spoils of war |
| عَلى | on upon against | وَعَلَى اللهِ فَلْيَتَوَ كَّلِا لْمُؤْمِنُوْنَ And upon Allah the believers should place their trust |
| حَتّى | until | حَتّى مَطْلَعِ الفَجْرِ Until the rise of dawn |
| إلى | to towards | يَهْدِي إلى الرُّشْدِ It (the Quran) guides towards what is right |
1. كَ : Do not confuse the كَ used as a حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ with the كَ of the attached pronoun.
The كَ of حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ always precedes an اِسْمٌ. e.g.كَعَصْفٍ (like straw)
Whereas the attached pronoun is always attached at the end of a word e.g. رَبُّكَ (your Lord)
2. لَ : When attached to a pronoun, the ل is pronounced لَ otherwise it is لِ. e.g. لَكُمْ (for you) vs لِرَسُوْلٍ (for a messenger).
3. لَ : Don’t confuse لَ used as حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ with the with the لَ of emphasis (لَامُ التَّأْكِيدِ).
ل used as لَنَحْنُ : لَامُ التَّأْكِيدِ (Most certainly, we swear to it)
لَ used as لَنَا :حَرْفٌ جَرٌّ (for us )
4. وَ : Don’t confuse the وَ of حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ with the connector وَ (and).
5. مِنْ : when attached to ما it is written as مِمَّا
6. عَنْ : when attached to ما it is written as عَمَّا
7. على : when attached to a pronoun it is written as عَلَيْهِ
8. إلى : when attached to a pronoun it is written as إِلَيْكَ
Above we detailed the 11 حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ that are mentioned in the Quran the remainder of the حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ are:
| حَرْفٌ جَرٌّ | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| مُنْذُ | since | مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ أُسْبُوْعً I have not seen him since a week |
| مُذْ | since for | مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ أَرْبَعَةِ أَيَّامٍ I have not seen him since 4 days |
| خَلَا | besides except | جَاءَ النَّاسُ خَلَا زَيْدٍ The people came except Zayd |
| عَدَا | besides except | جَاءَ النَّاسُ عَدَا زَيْدٍ The people came except Zayd |
| حَاشَا | besides except | جَاءَ النَّاسُ حَاشَا زَيْدٍ The people came except Zayd |
| رُبَّ | many a… | رُبَّ عَالِمٍ يَعْمَلُ بِعِلْمِهِ Many a learned person acts on his knowledge |
The حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ Story
A way to remember the حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ is to remember them through a story.
One morning, you leave مِنْ (from) your house and walk إِلَى (to) school.
On the way, you move عَنْ (away from) the road and walk عَلَى (on) a bridge.
Soon, you sit فِي (in) your classroom.
You write بِ (with) a pencil,
you learn لِ (for) your teacher,
and you study كَ (like) a good student.
You have been there مُنْذُ (since) the morning,
and you stay مُذْ (since) the bell rang.
All the students came,
خَلَا (except) Ali,
عَدَا (except) Hasan,
حَاشَا (except) Zayd.
Your teacher says:
وَاللهِ (by Allah), you are doing well!
تَاللهِ (by Allah), keep going!
بِاللهِ (by Allah), do not give up!
And رُبَّ (many a) day, you will love Arabic.
حَرْفٌ Types
There are two types of حَرْفٌ:
- عَامِلٌ (Governing)
- غَيْرُ عَامِلِ (Non Governing)
The حَرْفٌ جَرٍّ above are all عَامِلٌ حَرْفٌ because they governs/cause إِعْرَابٌ change in the word after it.
The Non-Governing ( غَيْرُ عَامِلِ) حَرْفٌ do not govern/cause إِعْرَابٌ change in the word after it. Examples: ثُمَّ (then) ; وَ (and)